There are basically three main categories of defects: Wrong, Missing and Extra.

• Wrong: This is when the provided and specified requirements have been implemented incorrectly.
• Missing: This is a case where customer’s provided requirement might be missed or not properly noted. So the customer is not served, in the end, with his requirement.

• Extra: An extra and unwanted requirement is added into the product that was not even specified by the end customer. It is considered a defect as a variance is there from the existing requirement list.

Risk-based Testing – It is an approach used for creating a test strategy. This approach is based on prioritizing the tests by risks by risk level. Each risk is specified with its corresponding test(s), starting with the risk of highest priority first.

Decision table testing is used for testing those systems for which the specifications takes the form of cause-effect combinations or rules. Here, in the decision tables, all the inputs are listed in a column, and just below the each input, its corresponding output is maintained.

In the remaining table, combinations of various inputs are defined along with their produced outputs.

CMM stands for Capability Maturity Model for Software. It is also represented as SW-CMM. It is a model that judges the maturity of the software processes of an organization and identifies the key practices that can be used for increasing the maturity of these processes, for the betterment of the organization.

PDCA stands for Plan-Do-Check-Act cycle. As we are aware of the fact that Software testing is a vital part of the software development process. So P-D-C-A are actually the 4 important steps that are used in a normal software development.

• Plan: This step defines the objective and a proper plan to achieve the objective.
• Do: This step is also called ‘Execute’. During the planning stage, a plan strategy is finalized, which is executed accordingly in this phase.
• Check: This step is also called ‘Test’. This one keeps a check on the process and ensure that plan is being followed properly and desired result is being generated.

• Act: If in the above check, any issue or abnormality is found, then it means that need of taking appropriate action is there. Sometimes, the whole plan is also revised.

• Black box testing – It is a testing strategy that is based completely on the specifications and requirements. No knowledge of structures or internal paths is needed here in this strategy.
• White box testing – It is a testing strategy that is based on code structures, internal paths and implementation of the software being tested. The White box tester must have detailed programming skills.

• Gray Box testing – It is a testing strategy in which we thoroughly look into the box that is being tested to have a proper understanding of its implementation. Then we need to choose more effective black box tests using our knowledge.

Mainly four steps are involved in testing policy.

• Definition: It’s for defining one unique testing definition within the organization so that everyone follows the same testing only.
• How to achieve: This step includes the way to achieve the objective. Few things are being considered here like committee to do the testing, mandatory test plans, etc.
• Evaluate: After testing, the next step is evaluating. This adds value to the project.

• Standards: In this step, the focus is on the standards that are needed to be achieved by testing.

• Equivalence Class – It is a portion of an input of the component for which the component’s behavior is assumed to be similar as that of the component’s specification.

• Equivalence Partitioning – It is a technique for component’s test case designing. Here test cases are designed to execute representatives from the equivalence classes.

Inspection is basically a check-up process. It is a quality improvement process for the writing material, considered as a group review.
Basically two aspects involve under this –product improvement and process improvement.

Bottom Up Testing is an approach to do the integration testing. Here, firstly, the test is done for the lowest level components, then the higher level components are being facilitated.

RAD stands for Rapid Application Development. It is an integration for parallel development of functions & subsequent integration. The functions are developed in parallel and the developments are then time-boxed, delivered, and assembled into the working prototypes.

This helps customers to see the progress at the early level, and thus he can give a quick feedback regarding their requirements. Using this method, rapid alteration and development of the product is possible.

Usability testing – It is a testing methodology for the ease of customers. Here the end customers are asked to use the software to evaluate if the product is up to the mark and is easy to use. This puts forth the customer’s perception too. It is recommended to use the prototype or mock-up software during the initial stages so as to finalize the customer point of view of usability. The customer is provided with this prototype before the development begins. This helps in confirming that things are being processed keeping user’s point of view in mind.

Explain.

Yes, the difference is there.

• Testing Tool – It is for performing the test process. This testing tool is a resource to the tester, but it is insufficient to conduct testing.

• Testing technique – It is a process for ensuring that some aspects of the application unit or system are functioning properly.

Total 7 different agile methodologies are there.

• Extreme Programming (XP)
• Agile Unified Process
• Crystal
• Dynamic Systems Development Model
• Lean Software Development
• Scrum

• Feature-Driven Development

Under Quality Assurance, all the planned actions that are necessary to provide enough confidence about the product are kept in mind. It maintains the desired quality level of the product or service.

• Quality Circle – It is actually a group of individuals, all having a similar interest. They meet at regular intervals to discuss consider problems related to the quality of outputs and to discuss about correcting the problems so as to improve on the quality of the product.

• Quality Control – It includes the operational activities and the techniques that are used for verifying the requirements of quality.

It will be more in the designing phase than the coding phase.

One of the major and most frequently occurring defect is that the product does not cover the complete customer requirements.
Another defect can be a wrong architecture.

Third one is technical decision.

This way, the design phase is the most critical phase.

Tailored models are considered the best out of all as they consist of all the best features of the Waterfall, Iterative, and other testing models. The tailored model can easily fit into the real life projects. They are also considered the most productive.
But if the case is that it’s a pure testing project, then in such case, the V model is the best model.

Monkey Testing – In this type of testing, the data ares often generated on random basis using an automated mechanism or some tool. The system is tested with this randomly generated input data. But this testing is less reliable, so it is generally used by the beginners. Monkey testing is also called Random testing.

There are basically 6 phases involved in a formal review. They are cited below in a sequence:

• Planning
• Kick-off
• Preparation
• Review meetings
• Rework

• Follow-ups.

• Positive testing – This testing aims at showing software works. This is also called – “test to pass”.

• Negative testing – This testing aims at showing software that does not work. This one is also called – “test to fail”.

Configuration management – It is a detailed recording and also updating information for software and hardware components. A track record of changes in the requirement, designing or test cases is also maintained under this.

It is always said to follow a process while executing and changing. But when the changes are being done in an Adhoc manner, then the chances of occurring of chaotic situations rise up and also chances of defects also increase.

Therefore, changes should be done with proper planning and in a controlled manner. Also tracking of proper version should be done so that in case if needed, we should be able to revert back to the previous version.

The moderator is also called as the review leader. Their role is to lead the review process. The review leader performs the entry check, and also performs the follow-up on the rework. All this is done to control the quality of the input & output of the review process.

Another role of a moderator is to schedule the meetings, circulate the documents before the meeting, and to store the data that are being collected through these meetings and discussions.

There are three types of impact ratings in a project – Minor, Major and Critical.

• Minor: It is having a very low impact, thus it does not affect the operations on a large scale.
• Major: It actually affects the operations on a very large scale.

• Critical: This one is the most critical of all. It brings the system to a halt and thus stops the whole show.

Quality Audit – It is a systematic examination to determine whether all is going as planned, i.e. whether the goal and plans are strictly followed. It is an independent examination.

Verification – It is defined as the static type of software. The product is assessed by going through the code.
The code is not executed under this step. Types of verification are Walkthrough and Inspection.

• Walkthrough: These are informal. These are initiated by the author of the software product so as to locate the max possible defects and thus work in suggesting the correcting and improving way. Walkthroughs are generally unplanned.

• Inspection: It is a thorough checking of a software product word-by-word. The intention is locating the defects, and confirming the best implementation of the planned strategy as per the specified requirements.

Regression testing should be done only after either the software has changed or the environment. The changes may also include configuration change and software enhancements too.

• Unit testing – Testing that is performed on a single and a stand-alone module (or unit module) is called Unit testing.

• Integration testing – This comes after Unit testing. It is a testing is performed on groups of modules. This testing ensures that the data and control are properly passed between modules.

• System testing – System testing is for predetermined combining of tests. When these are executed successfully, requirements should meet.

• Acceptance testing – This testing ensures that the system meets the needs of both the customer(s) as well as the organization too. It validates whether the right system is built.

Test log – It is a document that contains the sequential record of the relevant details about the test cases and their execution.

BVA’s expansion is Boundary Value Analysis. It is a software testing technique. This one is quite similar to Equivalence Partitioning, except of the fact that it is putting more focus on corner cases. By corner cases, we mean the out of range values.

Test Bed – It is basically a test execution environment that is configured for testing. It consists of Operating System, specific software and hardware, application software, network configuration and the product that is needed to be tested.

• Unclear or poor requirements
• Unfeasible working schedule
• Insufficient testing
• Lack of communication between developer and customer

• Change in requirements from the end user, when the development is already done or in midway.

It should include the following features as per my knowledge:

• The overall structure should be clear.
• Robustness – capable enough for handling the errors.
• Proper functioning of product or service.
• Easy maintenance.

• Easy to operate and to modify too (in case of new requirements from customer’s end).

By using Endurance testing, we can achieve it. Endurance testing is a non-functional type of software testing. It checks for memory leakage or other related problems that may occur over an extended period of time. Another name for this testing is Soak testing.

Whenever a system, product or service is developed, testing needs to be done compulsorily. It is an essential part that needs to be focused on. It keeps a check on various things like whether the product is meeting the customer’s requirements, whether it is able to take and respond well to all kinds of inputs, following the timing guidelines, and much more. Software testing helps in efficiently dealing with this section.

Due to the advantages it offers, companies, today, are following Software testing very strictly. The demand of proficient software testers has also increased in the last few years. We have come up with the best and trending questions that are frequently being asked in the interviews. These will help you in getting the top-notch baggage in an IT giant or any of your dream IT companies in the Software Testing sector.

Your feedback, as well as the addition of the more relevant questions, are equally welcome!

A) Priority

B) Severity

Answer: A

A) Priority

B) Severity

Answer: B

A) Test Metrics

B) Test estimation techniques

Answer – A

A) Three-Point Estimation

B) Delphi method

C) Work Breakdown Structure

Answer => C

A) Risks

B) Error

C) Defect

Answer => A

A) Test Strategy

B) Test plan

Answer: A

Regression testing

A) Web Testing

B) Regression

C) Sanity

Answer: A

Answer: Sanity Testing

Answer: Smoke Testing

Requirement Traceability matrix

Product Backlog

Answer: Scrum Sprint

Integration testing, in both of its types, Bottom-up and Top-Down approach which uses Test drivers and Test Stub

Pilot Testing

Answer: Defect clustering

Answer: Defect density

Answer: Concurrence testing

Answer: Exhaustive Testing

Test Metrics

Answer: Quality Audit Q58)When software or an application is given to the testing team with the known set of bugs in the application in current release is called the ————-” open=”no” style=”default” icon=”plus” anchor=”” class=””]

Bug Release

Bug Leakage

Fault masking

Verification

Validation

User Acceptance Testing

Latent defect

Defect Leakage Ratio and Defect Leakage Ratio

Defect Cascading

Adhoc Testing

Answer: Test Harness

Q69)Which helps in measuring the amount of testing performed by the set of test cases.” open=”no” style=”default” icon=”plus” anchor=”” class=””]

Test Coverage

Top-Down Approach of Integration testing

Alpha testing

Recovery testing

Globalization testing

Stress testing

Exhaustive testing

The show stopper

Interface Testing

1. Clear all caches and cookies and retest the test cases.
2. Keep consider the other facts like test data, environment, system settings, screenshots
3. Once an issue is found, verify the same issue on different browsers, operating systems, different devices which helps in determining if an issue is a system or browser-specific/ device-specific.

Check if it occurs when we re-start the application

Check the test environment

Inform about the issue to other team members and stake holders

If the number of defects occurred in the application is more than the defined limit then it is called the bug or defect slippage.

The formula to calculate is QF = FC/FS, Where QF>1

Backend Testing

Equivalence Partitioning.

Boundary Value Analysis

Error seeding

Error Guessing

Document of necessity. This is the Mercury Tours sample Requirement Paper.

Yeah. Yes. I’ve been through that sort of scenario a few times. There were businesses where they had no paperwork whatsoever. In that situation, I had to discuss with the Business Analysts or developer the application scenario and functionalities. In consultation with business analysts, I sort of prepared a paper.

The life cycle of applications or software is a conceptual model used in project management that defines the phases involved in an information system project, from an initial feasibility analysis to the completed program maintenance. It includes the various phases that follow:

• Step of Requirement
• Phase of Design
• Codification (programming)
• Checking with
• Release (Production)
• Maintenance service (Support)

It is a document that describes the details of the user’s necessary application features. Business Analysts are writing this paper.

Computer testing has its own life cycle. It begins with research and review of the requirements. Here is the life cycle of software testing:

• Research of Necessity
• Planning the Exam
• Test Cases for Writing
• The Test Cases Analysis
• Make execution

Yeah. Yes. Using Use Cases, I have written test cases.

A use case is a document that defines a specific feature for the user’s behavior and device response. (You can also include, for example, a Use Case for a company’s login system named Auto Parts One in the Use Case below. Digital Inc. is creating this program. The name of the project is Auto Parts One The business owner, however, is Auto Parts One.

It is a text that explains the user’s application functionality in detail. The further descriptions of the Business Requirement Document are in this document. In the SDLC, this is a very important move. Often it is possible to lump together the Business Requirement Document and Business Design Document to create just one Business Requirement Document.

The method of converting the Business Design Document into the readable form of the computer is coding. If the design is carried out in detail, the generation of code can be achieved without much application. To produce the code using different high-level languages such as C, C++, Pascal, Java, programming tools such as compilers, interpreters and debuggers are used.

A ‘Module’ is a part of the software that has a particular purpose. It can be a ‘link’ to its component data, which can go within.

The tester calls a meeting to disseminate his results or to communicate his questions to other testers or company leaders working on the same application called the Walk-thru meeting before starting to work in a module and/or after completing the testing of a module.

As each of the various software modules is prepared, the Configuration Management Team (CMT) puts them in a single folder and it is called the ‘Build’. In other words, developers place their code in a common location (folder) and merge all the code (modules) so that it functions as a full program.

When the construction prepared by the CMT is sent to various test environments, it is called the Build Deployment.

It includes the introduction, scope, resource, and schedule of test activities, acceptance requirements, test set, testing tools, goals for testing, test preparation, test pass execution and test types to be conducted.

In my last business where I worked, the QA testing procedure that was followed was like this: First of all the Business Requirement Document was prepared according to the requirements of the customer (with the muck-up screenshots). Test strategy, test plans, and test cases were then written on the basis of the requirement document in.

Using some of these methods, we write SQL queries: Todd, Squirrel, and Rapid SQL.

Yeah. Yes. You have to. They have a database, regardless of whether it is a small or large corporation, and you need to verify the data by writing SQL queries that go into the database. The stronger you are in SQL, the greater the opportunity to get a job.

There are:

SQL>select *from the tab; -to the Database Tables Directory SQL>ed -to edit the questions in the notepad

SQL>/ -to run or execute the query command

SQL>Build table’ table name ‘-Create table name for the table

SQL>desc’ table name ‘-to show a column name table with a form of column SQL>alter table’ table table’

Response: Pick

The Primary Key is a column in a database table that has a unique value for each of the rows inside that column. It can’t have the value of NULL.

The Unique Key is a column in a database table that may or may not have the null value of any of the rows inside that column.

Data is a number, character, or image that has some data.

Answer: It is a document that defines the additional features added after the signing off of the Business Requirement Document. In the old business requirement sheet, it can be revised or it can be a separate file.

(For example, there are User Name and Password fields in the Company Requirement Document on the login page. The program owner needs to add, “If you don’t have User Name and Password, please click here.” This is a change. But this came after the Project Managers signed the document off. Now this is a control of the and comes as a separate document (It is also called Request, Modification Request).

Response: Yes. There was a situation where a different window would pop up on one page of an application in my previous project when the user clicked on the “Contact” connection (new separate window). But that was NOT the manner in which the requirement document identified it. When the user clicks “Contact” connection in the requirement document, it should navigate to another page (Not a separate new window. Then was it a problem? Wise functionality, it was NOT a problem, how was it?

It is a test to verify if the data presented in the front end report format of the GUI matches the original database with the relevant data.

In my last project, the application was built on the Java platform as a web-based application. I wrote Test Plans from the requirement documents and Use Cases as a QA Individual. I have done smoke tests, functional tests, backend tests, BlackBox tests, integration tests, regression tests,

• -XML stands for the language of EXtensible Markup.
• -XML is just like HTML, a markup language.
• In order to describe data, -XML was designed.
• -XML tags are not predefined and our own tags must be specified.
• To define data, -XML uses a Document Type Description (DTD) or XML Schema.
• -XML is intended to be self-descriptive with a DTD or XML Schema.

Ans. ANS. I am employed for a certain amount of time as a consultant, usually for 6 months to 1 year. I wanted to switch to another project once the project was over. This is why you see me jumping regularly here and there in the resume.

Answer: Usually, on the first day, we will be provided a computer and support staff will set up the computer’s user name and password.

If that is already done, I will be given a short walk by the QA Lead or QA Boss.

Quite certainly, you’re not going to be the team’s only tester. More than you would be there. Often it’s stressful to deal with your team members, particularly when you are new. They’re trying to disregard you. They want to be smart to prove themselves. Don’t be afraid. Blame them not. This is part of the essence of man. Try to make it cope. When you go for coffee (do not go outside in the coffee room in your office), invite them, try to express your feelings and so on. That’s all as it is,

Answer: I’m a player for the squad. I get along very well with the members of the team. As far as working is concerned, in teams or working alone, I can be equally effective.

Answer: Yeah, no. Wherever I have served, I have never had that kind of

(Even if you had one, saying “No” is a good idea. This could be a red flag that could deter you from getting the job).

Answer: Non-colossal testing tests the framework’s non-utilitarian necessities, which initiate a quality or
nature of the arrangement unequivocally insinuated by the customer. These circuit show, security,
adaptability, and comfort. Non-solid testing comes after critical testing. It tests the overall credits
unessential to the utilitarian necessities of the thing. Non-consistent testing guarantees that the
thing is secure, adaptable, ordinary, and will not crash under fundamental weight.

Answer: Before you transport the thing to the clients, the internal testing pack performs alpha testing. Alpha
testing is huge for the client certification testing. Its will presumably see bugs before the clients
begin utilizing the thing.

Answer: Right when you transport the thing to the clients after alpha testing, what’s guaranteed clients play
out the beta testing in a real creation climate. It is one of the last bits of client explanation testing.
Beta testing is fundamental to get duty from certifiable individuals utilizing your thing in affirmed
conditions.

Answer: Start to finish testing is the way toward testing a thing framework beginning to end. The analyzer
tests the thing especially like an end-client would. For instance, to test a work locale programming,
the analyzer would introduce the thing as the client would, open it, utilize the application as
proposed, and check the direct. Same for a web application. There is a gigantic segment between
start to finish testing versus different sorts of testing that are more separated, for example, unit
testing. In start to finish testing, the thing is endeavored nearby the entire of its conditions and
blends, as educational assortments, affiliations, record frameworks, and other outer affiliations.

Answer: Potentially than static testing, dynamic programming testing tests what when it’s executing. The
analyzer runs the thing in a test climate and goes through the amount of the means being implied,
entering the data sources and checking the authentic yield with the normal result.

Answer: It is a standard programming testing approach that expects that analyzers should survey the
unfaltering quality of the thing as displayed by the business basics. The thing is treated as a black box
and maintained by the end client’s perspective.

Answer: A test plan stores all conceivable testing exercises to guarantee something quality. It aggregates
information from the thing depiction, need, and use case records.

Answer: Test association is a quality assessment to address the total (in level) of testing finished for a thing. It
is major for both utilitarian and non-wise testing works out. This evaluation is utilized to add missing
appraisals.

Answer: No. Design testing should begin just if all modules are set up and they work unequivocally. In any
case, it ought to be performed before UAT (client request testing).

Answer: Created testing is a thing testing measure that studies programming according to the clients perspective. It is mind blowing as it needn’t lounge around inactively with the improvement gettogether to finish the way toward coding for beginning QA. Contemplating everything, both coding and testing go indivisible. Regardless, it might require constant client correspondence.

Answer: Start to finish testing is a badly arranged way to deal with execute tests that cover every conceivable
improvement of an application from its beginning to end. The goal of performing start to finish tests
is to find programming conditions and to attest that the right information is getting passed between
different programming modules and sub-frameworks.

Answer: In the event that the fundamental focal points are not accessible for a thing, a test plan can be made
ward on the examinations made about the thing. In any case, we ought to get all questions
especially coordinated in the test plan.

Answer: Sensible testing: It is attempting the ‘strength’ of a thing or an application under test. It tests the
direct of the thing under test. Considering the vital of the customer, a record called a thing
unequivocal or need attestation is utilized as a manual for test the application. Non-huge testing: In
programming terms, when an application restricts as demonstrated by the client’s doubt,
successfully and reasonably regardless, then, at that point it is given as a solid application.
Considering regard, it is uncommonly principal to test these cutoff centers. This kind of testing is
called non-utilitarian testing.

Answer: A slip in coding is shown as a mistake. The ruin spotted by a manual analyzer changes into a blemish.
The deformation which the improvement pack yields is known as a bug. In the event that a made
code misses on the necessities, it is a utilitarian disappointment.

Answer: Imperfection area rate (DDP) is a sort of testing metric. It shows the sufficiency of a testing cycle by
evaluating the degree of misshapenings found before the vehicle and proclaimed after the
advancement by clients.

Answer: Computerization testing is an illustration of executing tests commonly. It decreases the human
intervention all things considered. We use clear test robotization contraptions like QTP, Selenium,
and WinRunner. Testing mechanical social occasions help in speeding up the testing endeavors.
These mechanical social occasions grant you to make test substance to check the application
customarily what’s more to make the test reports.

Answer: Execution testing checks the speed, adaptability, or conceivably strength characteristics of a
development. Execution is identified with achieving response time, throughput, and resource use
levels that meet the show objectives for an endeavor or a thing. Monkey testing is a method in
programming testing where the customer tests the application by giving unique wellsprings of data,
checking the direct of the application (or endeavoring to crash the application).

Answer: Exploratory testing is an approach to manage administer programming testing, wherein analyzers
change meanwhile about the test plan and test execution. Near the day’s end, it is a functioning
philosophy where analyzers are reviewed more for the test execution part than in setting everything
straight.

Answer: Configuration testing is a divulgence testing strategy, used on a full scale blended system, where it
will test the structure consistence as displayed by the essential.

Answer: Test reports will help us track down the current status of an assignment and its quality. This can help
associates and customers take focal actions. The absolute documentation of test reports will help
with researching different events of the undertaking.

Answer: An idle bending is a perplexing blemish in an application/programming, which can’t be seen by a
customer. Regardless, this will not submit any mistake the application considering the way that the
conditions will not whenever be met.

Answer: The testbed is an environment designed testing. It is an environment used for testing an application,
including the stuff likewise as anything expected to run the program to be attempted. It fuses gear,
programming, network plan, an application under test, other related programming.

Answer: Test Closure is a record which gives a speedy outline of the enormous number of tests drove during
the thing improvement life cycle what’s more gives a specific examination of the bugs shed and
messes up found. This notification contains evidently the no. of tests, full scale no. of evaluations
executed, superior no. of imperfections discovered, add all around no. of disfigurements settled,
superior no. of bugs not settled, supreme no of bugs acquitted, and so forth

Answer: A principal bug is a bug that tends to influence a greater piece of the help of the given application. It
suggests an epic piece of convenience or tremendous structure part is completely broken and there
is no workaround to move further. Application can’t be appropriated to the end client adjacent to if
the central bug is tended to.

Answer: Defect Cascading is the way toward setting off various misshapenings in the application. Right when
an imperfection goes covered up while testing, it aggregates various distortions. Along these lines,
different blemishes crop up in the later occasions of progress. In case distortion falling continues to
impact various features in the application, seeing the influenced solidify gets testing. You may make
orchestrated fundamentals to decide this issue, that being said it is risky and dull.